Homeschooling and Education

A co-signer is a second party who guarantees to repay the loan and usually becomes involved when the primary borrower has no or a poor credit history.

Students often have few or no credit cards, no car loans and very rarely a home mortgage loan. As a result, they have little or no credit history at all. And, as is the case with many of us in our youth, they may have made some unwise choices. They may have gone beyond what they could repay on a credit card and even been irresponsible about making payments.

That lack of credit history or, worse, actual late payments or defaults can easily put a potential borrower into the high risk category. Loan officers, even in Federal student loans programs, will often look at that with a cautious eye. Student loan applications may be denied, or in borderline cases a higher interesst rate is charged to offset the risk and compensate for higher default rates.

To counteract that lack of credit history or poor record, borrowers can and usually should obtain a co-signer. In the average case that will be one or both parents. Loan officers will look then at the parent’s FICO score, outstanding debt to income ratio, repayment history and other standard factors in deciding whether to grant the loan.

The Direct student loans program began about 15 years ago and, in true American fashion, was designed to cut out the middle man. Instead of having banks, credit unions and other private busincesses lend money to students and parents, the Federal government loans the money directly.

Direct programs overlap the alternative, called FFELP (Federal Family Education Loan Program). The latter is the acronym for programs that work through private lenders. Since they duplicate in some ways the FFEL programs, it’s important for lenders to target which they want. Both offer Stafford and PLUS loans.

Direct Loans have the same criteria for eligibility. They follow the same need-based guidelines, or have the same credit check requirements for non-need-based programs. Providing the same programs according to the same standards raises a natural question: how to decide between them?

In part, the decision involves choosing which of two servicers to deal with. Both provide customer service personnel to answer questions. In some cases, the private lender will be more flexible and helpful and the government more bureaucratic or indifferent. In others, the situation is reversed.

Over the past 40 years, just as with everything else, the cost of education has risen dramatically. Average tuition increases of more than 6% per year are common today. Just as one example, in 1973 the cost of registration at UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) was $208 per quarter. It is now over $2,300 per quarter.

That ten times increase is not too unusual - many things cost ten times what they did a few decades ago. Income, on the other hand, has risen about three times in the same period, from about $15,000-$30,000 per year to around $39,000-$42,000. The numbers vary by gender, age and more but as a rough guide, the lower range ~3:1 ratio is about right.

Now for the good news. There are more types of financial aid available today to students and parents than there ever has been. Financial aid, as the name suggests, is money that students and their parents get from scholarships, Federal and private student loans are a few other sources to aid students in paying for education.

Once upon a time, students could depend almost entirely on Pell Grants and Stafford Loans to finance education costs, if not complete living expenses. Pell Grants are still given, but they’re need-based and represent a small percentage of the education cost today. Stafford Loans are also need-based, and can range from 25%-40% of the average cost of finance school. Perkins Loans are similar, but reserved for the lowest income families.

Fortunately, PLUS Loans are available, which was not an option 35 years ago. These are loans to parents, not students, to help pay for the student’s education. The interests are average, and there are certain restrictions and fees, but they often form part of the total package.

Obtaining student aid can be more complicated than playing the stock market. There are literally hundreds of possible scholarships, loan programs and other forms of assistance. But for the overwhelming majority a Federal student loan program is the most likely source of funds to help pay for school.

Most of that money loaned is associated with one of only half a dozen programs. Stafford loans (for students) and PLUS (for parents) with a couple of variations cover most circumstances. But beyond the program names/types themselves, there are two common categories that those seeking funding should be aware of. Which you choose can have a substantial financial impact down the road.

The two categories are: subsidized and unsubsidized college student loans. Students generally make no payments on either type until six months after leaving school whether they graduated or not. But because of the fact that interest amounts are calculated on the outstanding principle (the loan amount), it can add up to a substantial sum over a period of years.

Subsidized student loans are a type in which the government pays on behalf of the student any interest accumulated on the loan during the years attended. Neither the student nor any co-signer, such as parents, accumulate interest on the principle while the student is in school. The clock only starts ticking six months after leaving.

Despite high education costs and the cost of borrowing to meet them, students and parents have some advantages today that didn’t exist even ten years ago. The Internet has changed the way financial aid is researched (and granted) in more ways than one.

Today it’s easy to quickly access an enormous amount of information. Interests rates qualifying criteria, loan limits and much more is readily available. But that also hints at one of the difficulties of easy data - the possibility of too much of it. The old saying in the information technology business sums it up best: it’s like drinking from a fire hose.

Having so much information flood in, especially given the variety and complexity of student loan programs today, can make analyzing it all that much more difficult. To overcome that problem, one aspect of the old-fashioned methods is still very helpful: seeking personal advice.

For students still in high school, planning a college education and seeking ways to pay for it, the school counselor is a good first start. These professionals are there to help students sort through the bewildering array of choices, and to point out some of the potential advantages or pitfalls of different ones. But, unfortunately, the quality of that advice can vary quite a lot.

Professional student loans counselors are not only up on the latest information, but go through regular courses each year to keep up-to-date and keep their professional standing. But, the downside is that they usually charge for their services. A few minutes of advice on the phone or in person is typically free, but any detailed program is for a fee. That’s understandable, since that’s how they make a living.